HSK 7 Vocabulary (~1,800 New Words)

HSK 7 vocabulary reference: advanced C2-level words across specialized professional, academic, and literary domains.

hsk-7vocabulary

HSK 7 is part of the advanced HSK 7-9 band, which introduces approximately 5,480 new words across the three levels. HSK 7 specifically targets specialized professional and academic vocabulary drawn from authentic contemporary Chinese texts in domains such as law, medicine, finance, engineering, literature, and political science. Mastery of this level enables learners to engage fluently with expert discourse, formal academic writing, and high-register literary and official language.

Verbs: Medical and Clinical (医疗临床动词)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
诊断 zhěnduàn to diagnose v 精准诊断 (diagnose with precision), 明确诊断 (establish a definitive diagnosis)
施治 shīzhì to treat, to administer treatment v 对症施治 (treat according to symptoms), 及时施治 (administer timely treatment)
用药 yòngyào to administer medication, to prescribe drugs v 合理用药 (rational drug use), 规范用药 (administer medication properly)
切除 qiēchú to excise, to surgically remove v 手术切除 (surgical excision), 切除肿瘤 (excise a tumor)
切割 qiēgē to resect, to cut v 精细切割 (fine resection), 切割组织 (cut tissue)
缝合 féngé to suture, to stitch up v 伤口缝合 (suture a wound), 精细缝合 (fine suturing)
麻醉 mázuì to anesthetize v 全身麻醉 (general anesthesia), 局部麻醉 (local anesthesia)
通气 tōngqì to ventilate, to ensure airway patency v 机械通气 (mechanical ventilation), 辅助通气 (assisted ventilation)
抢救 qiǎngjiù to resuscitate, to give emergency treatment v 紧急抢救 (emergency resuscitation), 全力抢救 (spare no effort in resuscitation)
分诊 fēnzhěn to triage v 科学分诊 (systematic triage), 快速分诊 (rapid triage)
接种 jiēzhòng to inoculate, to vaccinate v 疫苗接种 (vaccine inoculation), 接种免疫 (immunization)
放疗 fàngliáo to administer radiation therapy v 放疗方案 (radiation therapy plan), 术后放疗 (post-surgical radiotherapy)
移植 yízhí to transplant v 器官移植 (organ transplant), 骨髓移植 (bone marrow transplant)
分离 fēnlí to isolate, to separate v 分离病原体 (isolate a pathogen), 分离菌株 (isolate a bacterial strain)
测序 cèxù to sequence (genomic) v 基因测序 (gene sequencing), 全基因组测序 (whole-genome sequencing)
克隆 kèlóng to clone v 基因克隆 (gene cloning), 克隆技术 (cloning technology)
改造 gǎizào to genetically engineer, to modify v 基因改造 (genetic modification), 基因工程改造 (genetic engineering modification)
筛查 shāichá to screen v 肿瘤筛查 (cancer screening), 基因筛查 (genetic screening)
试验 shìyàn to conduct a (clinical) trial v 临床试验 (clinical trial), 药物试验 (drug trial)
尸检 shījiǎn to perform an autopsy v 法医尸检 (forensic autopsy), 病理尸检 (pathological autopsy)
开处方 kāi chǔfāng to prescribe v/phr 开具处方 (issue a prescription), 合理开处方 (prescribe rationally)
给药 gěiyào to administer (a drug) v 静脉给药 (intravenous drug administration), 口服给药 (oral drug administration)
康复 kāngfù to rehabilitate, to recover v 术后康复 (post-surgical rehabilitation), 康复治疗 (rehabilitation therapy)
预防 yùfáng to prevent, to prophylax v 预防接种 (preventive vaccination), 预防性用药 (prophylactic medication)
插管 chāguǎn to intubate v 气管插管 (endotracheal intubation), 紧急插管 (emergency intubation)

Verbs: Legal and Judicial Advanced (高级法律司法动词)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
公诉 gōngsù to prosecute (publicly) v 提起公诉 (bring a public prosecution), 公诉机关 (prosecuting authority)
裁决 cáijué to adjudicate, to rule v 仲裁裁决 (arbitration ruling), 做出裁决 (render a judgment)
仲裁 zhòngcái to arbitrate v 国际仲裁 (international arbitration), 申请仲裁 (apply for arbitration)
调解 tiáojiě to mediate, to conciliate v 法院调解 (court mediation), 调解纠纷 (mediate a dispute)
传唤 chuánhuàn to subpoena, to summon v 依法传唤 (summon according to law), 传唤证人 (subpoena a witness)
引渡 yǐndù to extradite v 申请引渡 (request extradition), 引渡条约 (extradition treaty)
起诉 qǐsù to indict, to prosecute, to sue v 提起诉讼 (file a lawsuit), 正式起诉 (formally indict)
无罪释放 wúzuì shìfàng to acquit v/phr 宣告无罪 (declare not guilty), 无罪释放被告 (acquit the defendant)
定罪 dìngzuì to convict v 定罪量刑 (convict and sentence), 依法定罪 (convict according to law)
减刑 jiǎnxíng to commute a sentence v 申请减刑 (apply for sentence reduction), 依法减刑 (commute sentence according to law)
赦免 shèmiǎn to pardon, to grant amnesty v 总统赦免 (presidential pardon), 依法赦免 (pardon in accordance with the law)
禁止 jìnzhǐ to enjoin, to prohibit v 法院禁止 (court injunction), 禁止行为 (prohibit conduct)
验证遗嘱 yànzhèng yízhǔ to probate a will v/phr 遗嘱验证程序 (probate proceedings), 法院验证遗嘱 (court probate of a will)
上诉 shàngsù to appeal v 提起上诉 (file an appeal), 二审上诉 (appeal to the second instance)
质询 zhìxún to cross-examine, to interrogate v 交叉质询 (cross-examination), 质询证人 (cross-examine a witness)
宣誓作证 xuānshì zuòzhèng to testify under oath, to depose v/phr 出庭宣誓作证 (testify in court under oath), 书面宣誓作证 (depose in writing)
提起诉讼 tíqǐ sùsòng to litigate, to bring a suit v/phr 向法院提起诉讼 (bring suit in court), 民事诉讼 (civil litigation)
和解 héjiě to settle (a dispute) v 庭外和解 (out-of-court settlement), 达成和解 (reach a settlement)
强制执行 qiángzhì zhíxíng to compel compliance, to enforce v/phr 强制执行判决 (enforce a judgment), 申请强制执行 (apply for enforcement)
使无效 shǐ wúxiào to nullify, to invalidate v/phr 宣布合同无效 (declare a contract null and void), 撤销无效 (nullify and revoke)
使生效 shǐ shēngxiào to validate, to bring into force v/phr 条约正式生效 (treaty officially comes into force), 批准使生效 (ratify to validate)
扣押 kòuyā to garnish, to seize, to detain v 扣押财产 (garnish property), 扣押证据 (seize evidence)
取消赎回权 qǔxiāo shúhuíquán to foreclose v/phr 房产取消赎回权 (foreclose on property), 启动取消赎回权程序 (initiate foreclosure proceedings)
发出禁令 fāchū jìnlìng to issue an injunction v/phr 法院发出禁令 (court issues an injunction), 申请禁令 (apply for an injunction)
撤销 chèxiāo to revoke, to annul v 撤销判决 (revoke a judgment), 撤销许可证 (revoke a license)

Nouns: Medical and Clinical (医疗临床名词)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
发病机制 fābìng jīzhì pathogenesis n 研究发病机制 (study pathogenesis), 阐明发病机制 (elucidate the pathogenesis)
病因学 bìngyīnxué etiology n 病因学研究 (etiological research), 明确病因学 (clarify etiology)
流行病学 liúxíng bìngxué epidemiology n 流行病学调查 (epidemiological survey), 流行病学数据 (epidemiological data)
药代动力学 yàodài dònglìxué pharmacokinetics n 药代动力学研究 (pharmacokinetic study), 药代动力学参数 (pharmacokinetic parameters)
药效学 yàoxiàoxué pharmacodynamics n 药效学机制 (pharmacodynamic mechanism), 药效学评估 (pharmacodynamic assessment)
组织学 zǔzhīxué histology n 组织学检查 (histological examination), 组织学分析 (histological analysis)
细胞学 xìbāoxué cytology n 细胞学检测 (cytological testing), 细胞学诊断 (cytological diagnosis)
免疫学 miǎnyìxué immunology n 免疫学研究 (immunological research), 临床免疫学 (clinical immunology)
微生物学 wēishēngwùxué microbiology n 临床微生物学 (clinical microbiology), 微生物学培养 (microbiological culture)
肿瘤学 zhǒngliúxué oncology n 临床肿瘤学 (clinical oncology), 肿瘤学进展 (advances in oncology)
心脏病学 xīnzàngbìngxué cardiology n 介入心脏病学 (interventional cardiology), 心脏病学专家 (cardiologist)
神经病学 shénjīngbìngxué neurology n 临床神经病学 (clinical neurology), 神经病学检查 (neurological examination)
胃肠病学 wèicháng bìngxué gastroenterology n 消化道胃肠病学 (gastrointestinal gastroenterology), 胃肠病学诊断 (gastroenterological diagnosis)
肺病学 fèibìngxué pulmonology n 肺病学专科 (pulmonology specialty), 呼吸与肺病学 (respiratory and pulmonary medicine)
肾病学 shènbìngxué nephrology n 肾病学治疗 (nephrology treatment), 临床肾病学 (clinical nephrology)
内分泌学 nèifēnmìxué endocrinology n 内分泌学紊乱 (endocrine disorder), 内分泌学专家 (endocrinologist)
骨科 gǔkē orthopedics n 骨科手术 (orthopedic surgery), 骨科诊疗 (orthopedic diagnosis and treatment)
皮肤科 pífūkē dermatology n 皮肤科检查 (dermatological examination), 临床皮肤科 (clinical dermatology)
眼科 yǎnkē ophthalmology n 眼科手术 (ophthalmic surgery), 眼科诊断 (ophthalmological diagnosis)
精神病学 jīngshénbìngxué psychiatry n 临床精神病学 (clinical psychiatry), 精神病学评估 (psychiatric assessment)
麻醉学 mázuìxué anesthesiology n 麻醉学专科 (anesthesiology specialty), 临床麻醉学 (clinical anesthesiology)
放射学 fàngshèxué radiology n 影像放射学 (imaging radiology), 放射学诊断 (radiological diagnosis)
病理学 bìnglǐxué pathology n 临床病理学 (clinical pathology), 病理学诊断 (pathological diagnosis)
血液学 xuèyèxué hematology n 血液学分析 (hematological analysis), 临床血液学 (clinical hematology)
病毒学 bìngdúxué virology n 分子病毒学 (molecular virology), 病毒学检测 (virological testing)

Nouns: Legal and Judicial Advanced (高级法律名词)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
法学 fǎxué jurisprudence n 比较法学 (comparative jurisprudence), 法学理论 (jurisprudential theory)
判例 pànlì legal precedent n 援引判例 (cite a legal precedent), 判例法 (case law)
诉讼时效 sùsòng shíxiào statute of limitations n 超过诉讼时效 (exceed the statute of limitations), 诉讼时效期间 (limitation period)
人身保护令 rénshēn bǎohùlìng habeas corpus n 申请人身保护令 (apply for habeas corpus), 人身保护令程序 (habeas corpus proceedings)
侵权行为 qīnquán xíngwéi tort n 民事侵权行为 (civil tort), 侵权行为责任 (tort liability)
过失 guòshī negligence n 重大过失 (gross negligence), 过失责任 (negligence liability)
严格责任 yángé zérèn strict liability n 产品严格责任 (strict product liability), 适用严格责任 (apply strict liability)
集体诉讼 jítǐ sùsòng class action n 发起集体诉讼 (initiate a class action), 集体诉讼和解 (class action settlement)
禁制令 jìnzhìlìng injunction n 申请禁制令 (apply for an injunction), 临时禁制令 (interim injunction)
限制令 xiànzhìlìng restraining order n 发出限制令 (issue a restraining order), 临时限制令 (temporary restraining order)
管辖权 guǎnxiáquán jurisdiction n 专属管辖权 (exclusive jurisdiction), 管辖权争议 (jurisdictional dispute)
诉讼资格 sùsòng zīgé standing (legal) n 原告诉讼资格 (plaintiff standing), 缺乏诉讼资格 (lack of standing)
举证责任 jǔzhèng zérèn burden of proof n 承担举证责任 (bear the burden of proof), 举证责任倒置 (reversal of burden of proof)
证明标准 zhèngmíng biāozhǔn standard of proof n 排除合理怀疑标准 (beyond reasonable doubt standard), 优势证据标准 (preponderance of evidence standard)
间接证据 jiānjié zhèngjù circumstantial evidence n 依赖间接证据 (rely on circumstantial evidence), 间接证据链 (chain of circumstantial evidence)
传闻证据 chuánwén zhèngjù hearsay evidence n 排除传闻证据 (exclude hearsay evidence), 传闻证据规则 (hearsay evidence rule)
伪证 wěizhèng perjury n 犯有伪证罪 (commit perjury), 伪证罪指控 (perjury charge)
藐视法庭 miǎoshì fǎtíng contempt of court n 构成藐视法庭 (constitute contempt of court), 藐视法庭处罚 (contempt of court penalty)
法律救济 fǎlǜ jiùjì legal remedy n 寻求法律救济 (seek legal remedy), 法律救济途径 (legal remedy channel)
损害赔偿 sǔnhài péicháng damages n 惩罚性损害赔偿 (punitive damages), 实际损害赔偿 (actual damages)
归还 guīhuán restitution n 要求归还 (demand restitution), 财产归还 (property restitution)
强制履行 qiángzhì lǚxíng specific performance n 要求强制履行 (demand specific performance), 合同强制履行 (specific performance of a contract)
禁令救济 jìnlìng jiùjì injunctive relief n 申请禁令救济 (apply for injunctive relief), 永久禁令救济 (permanent injunctive relief)
司法审查 sīfǎ shěnchá judicial review n 申请司法审查 (apply for judicial review), 司法审查程序 (judicial review proceedings)
辩护权 biànhùquán right to counsel, right of defense n 保障辩护权 (guarantee the right of defense), 行使辩护权 (exercise the right to counsel)

Nouns: Finance and Economics Advanced (高级金融经济名词)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
证券化 zhèngquànhuà securitization n 资产证券化 (asset securitization), 推动证券化 (promote securitization)
债务抵押凭证 zhàiwù dǐyā píngzhèng collateralized debt obligation (CDO) n 发行债务抵押凭证 (issue a CDO), 债务抵押凭证市场 (CDO market)
信用违约互换 xìnyòng wéiyuē hùhuàn credit default swap (CDS) n 购买信用违约互换 (purchase a CDS), 信用违约互换市场 (CDS market)
量化宽松 liànghuà kuānsōng quantitative easing n 实施量化宽松 (implement quantitative easing), 退出量化宽松 (exit quantitative easing)
系统性风险 xìtǒngxìng fēngxiǎn systemic risk n 防范系统性风险 (guard against systemic risk), 系统性风险传导 (systemic risk transmission)
道德风险 dàodé fēngxiǎn moral hazard n 规避道德风险 (avoid moral hazard), 道德风险问题 (moral hazard problem)
逆向选择 nìxiàng xuǎnzé adverse selection n 克服逆向选择 (overcome adverse selection), 逆向选择问题 (adverse selection problem)
信息不对称 xìnxī bù duìchèn information asymmetry n 解决信息不对称 (address information asymmetry), 信息不对称理论 (information asymmetry theory)
外部性 wàibùxìng externalities n 负外部性 (negative externalities), 内化外部性 (internalize externalities)
公共物品 gōnggòng wùpǐn public goods n 提供公共物品 (provide public goods), 公共物品属性 (public goods characteristics)
垄断租金 lǒngduàn zūjīn monopoly rents n 获取垄断租金 (extract monopoly rents), 垄断租金理论 (monopoly rent theory)
凯恩斯经济学 Kǎi'ēnsī jīngjìxué Keynesian economics n 应用凯恩斯经济学 (apply Keynesian economics), 凯恩斯经济学框架 (Keynesian economic framework)
货币主义 huòbì zhǔyì monetarism n 货币主义理论 (monetarist theory), 货币主义政策 (monetarist policy)
供给侧经济学 gōngjǐcè jīngjìxué supply-side economics n 供给侧经济学改革 (supply-side economic reform), 供给侧政策 (supply-side policy)
结构调整 jiégòu tiáozhěng structural adjustment n 经济结构调整 (economic structural adjustment), 结构调整计划 (structural adjustment program)
比较优势 bǐjiào yōushì comparative advantage n 发挥比较优势 (leverage comparative advantage), 比较优势理论 (comparative advantage theory)
贸易条件 màoyì tiáojiàn terms of trade n 改善贸易条件 (improve terms of trade), 贸易条件恶化 (deterioration of terms of trade)
国际收支 guójì shōuzhī balance of payments n 国际收支平衡 (balance of payments equilibrium), 国际收支逆差 (balance of payments deficit)
经常账户赤字 jīngcháng zhànghù chìzì current account deficit n 弥补经常账户赤字 (cover the current account deficit), 经常账户赤字扩大 (widening current account deficit)
财政整顿 cáizhèng zhěngdùn fiscal consolidation n 推行财政整顿 (pursue fiscal consolidation), 财政整顿措施 (fiscal consolidation measures)
紧缩政策 jǐnsuō zhèngcè austerity (policy) n 实施紧缩政策 (implement austerity), 紧缩政策影响 (impact of austerity)
刺激措施 cìjī cuòshī stimulus (measures) n 出台刺激措施 (introduce stimulus measures), 财政刺激措施 (fiscal stimulus)
流动性陷阱 liúdòngxìng xiànjǐng liquidity trap n 陷入流动性陷阱 (fall into a liquidity trap), 流动性陷阱理论 (liquidity trap theory)
滞胀 zhìzhàng stagflation n 应对滞胀 (deal with stagflation), 滞胀风险 (stagflation risk)

Nouns: Political Science and Governance (政治学治理名词)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
地缘政治 dìyuán zhèngzhì geopolitics n 全球地缘政治 (global geopolitics), 地缘政治博弈 (geopolitical game)
霸权 bàquán hegemony n 争夺霸权 (contest for hegemony), 霸权主义 (hegemonism)
主权 zhǔquán sovereignty n 维护主权 (safeguard sovereignty), 国家主权 (national sovereignty)
多边主义 duōbiān zhǔyì multilateralism n 坚持多边主义 (uphold multilateralism), 多边主义框架 (multilateral framework)
单边主义 dānbiān zhǔyì unilateralism n 反对单边主义 (oppose unilateralism), 单边主义行为 (unilateral action)
现实政治 xiànshí zhèngzhì realpolitik n 基于现实政治 (based on realpolitik), 现实政治逻辑 (realpolitik logic)
软实力 ruǎn shílì soft power n 提升软实力 (enhance soft power), 文化软实力 (cultural soft power)
硬实力 yìng shílì hard power n 依托硬实力 (rely on hard power), 军事硬实力 (military hard power)
巧实力 qiǎo shílì smart power n 运用巧实力 (exercise smart power), 巧实力战略 (smart power strategy)
公民社会 gōngmín shèhuì civil society n 发展公民社会 (develop civil society), 公民社会组织 (civil society organizations)
社会资本 shèhuì zīběn social capital n 积累社会资本 (accumulate social capital), 社会资本理论 (social capital theory)
政治合法性 zhèngzhì héfǎxìng political legitimacy n 维护政治合法性 (maintain political legitimacy), 政治合法性危机 (political legitimacy crisis)
国家能力 guójiā nénglì state capacity n 提升国家能力 (enhance state capacity), 国家能力建设 (state capacity building)
寻租 xúnzū rent-seeking n 防范寻租行为 (prevent rent-seeking), 寻租理论 (rent-seeking theory)
委托代理问题 wěituō dàilǐ wèntí principal-agent problem n 解决委托代理问题 (resolve the principal-agent problem), 委托代理理论 (principal-agent theory)
选举制度 xuǎnjǔ zhìdù electoral system n 完善选举制度 (improve the electoral system), 选举制度改革 (electoral system reform)
比例代表制 bǐlì dàibiǎo zhì proportional representation n 采用比例代表制 (adopt proportional representation), 比例代表制选举 (proportional representation election)
三权分立 sān quán fēnlì separation of powers n 实行三权分立 (implement separation of powers), 三权分立原则 (separation of powers principle)
制衡机制 zhìhéng jīzhì checks and balances n 建立制衡机制 (establish checks and balances), 权力制衡机制 (power check-and-balance mechanism)
联邦制 liánbāng zhì federalism n 采用联邦制 (adopt federalism), 联邦制体制 (federal system)
权力下放 quánlì xiàfàng devolution n 推行权力下放 (implement devolution), 权力下放改革 (devolution reform)
技术官僚制 jìshù guānliáo zhì technocracy n 技术官僚制模式 (technocratic model), 技术官僚制治理 (technocratic governance)
精英治理 jīngyīng zhìlǐ meritocracy n 倡导精英治理 (advocate meritocracy), 精英治理体制 (meritocratic system)

Nouns: Science and Technology Advanced (高级科技名词)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
量子纠缠 liàngzǐ jiūchán quantum entanglement n 利用量子纠缠 (utilize quantum entanglement), 量子纠缠现象 (quantum entanglement phenomenon)
叠加态 díjiātài superposition (state) n 量子叠加态 (quantum superposition state), 处于叠加态 (be in superposition)
波粒二象性 bōlì èr xiàngxìng wave-particle duality n 光的波粒二象性 (wave-particle duality of light), 波粒二象性原理 (wave-particle duality principle)
弦理论 xián lǐlùn string theory n 超弦理论 (superstring theory), 弦理论框架 (string theory framework)
暗物质 àn wùzhì dark matter n 探测暗物质 (detect dark matter), 暗物质分布 (dark matter distribution)
暗能量 àn néngliàng dark energy n 暗能量研究 (dark energy research), 宇宙暗能量 (cosmic dark energy)
奇点 qídiǎn singularity n 技术奇点 (technological singularity), 黑洞奇点 (black hole singularity)
熵 shāng entropy n 信息熵 (information entropy), 熵增原理 (entropy increase principle)
热力学 rèlìxué thermodynamics n 热力学定律 (laws of thermodynamics), 热力学平衡 (thermodynamic equilibrium)
电磁学 diàncíxué electromagnetism n 经典电磁学 (classical electromagnetism), 电磁学方程 (electromagnetic equations)
核裂变 hé lièbiàn nuclear fission n 核裂变反应 (nuclear fission reaction), 核裂变能量 (nuclear fission energy)
核聚变 hé jùbiàn nuclear fusion n 受控核聚变 (controlled nuclear fusion), 核聚变能源 (nuclear fusion energy)
半导体 bàndǎotǐ semiconductor n 半导体器件 (semiconductor device), 半导体材料 (semiconductor material)
超导体 chāodǎotǐ superconductor n 高温超导体 (high-temperature superconductor), 超导体应用 (superconductor application)
纳米技术 nàmǐ jìshù nanotechnology n 纳米技术应用 (nanotechnology application), 纳米技术材料 (nanomaterial)
基因编辑 jīyīn biānjí CRISPR/gene editing n 基因编辑技术 (gene editing technology), 精准基因编辑 (precision gene editing)
合成生物学 héchéng shēngwùxué synthetic biology n 合成生物学应用 (synthetic biology application), 合成生物学工具 (synthetic biology tools)
生物信息学 shēngwù xìnxīxué bioinformatics n 基因组生物信息学 (genomic bioinformatics), 生物信息学分析 (bioinformatics analysis)
机器学习 jīqì xuéxí machine learning n 机器学习算法 (machine learning algorithm), 机器学习模型 (machine learning model)
神经网络 shénjīng wǎngluò neural network n 深层神经网络 (deep neural network), 神经网络训练 (neural network training)
深度学习 shēndù xuéxí deep learning n 深度学习框架 (deep learning framework), 深度学习模型 (deep learning model)
自然语言处理 zìrán yǔyán chǔlǐ natural language processing (NLP) n 自然语言处理技术 (NLP technology), 自然语言处理模型 (NLP model)
计算机视觉 jìsuànjī shìjué computer vision n 计算机视觉算法 (computer vision algorithm), 计算机视觉应用 (computer vision application)
增强现实 zēngqiáng xiànshí augmented reality (AR) n 增强现实技术 (AR technology), 增强现实应用 (AR application)

Nouns: Philosophy and Intellectual History (哲学思想史名词)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
辩证唯物主义 biànzhèng wéiwù zhǔyì dialectical materialism n 辩证唯物主义原理 (principles of dialectical materialism), 运用辩证唯物主义 (apply dialectical materialism)
历史唯物主义 lìshǐ wéiwù zhǔyì historical materialism n 历史唯物主义观点 (historical materialist perspective), 历史唯物主义方法论 (historical materialist methodology)
现象学 xiànxiàngxué phenomenology n 现象学方法 (phenomenological method), 胡塞尔现象学 (Husserlian phenomenology)
存在主义 cúnzài zhǔyì existentialism n 萨特存在主义 (Sartrean existentialism), 存在主义哲学 (existentialist philosophy)
结构主义 jiégòu zhǔyì structuralism n 结构主义分析 (structuralist analysis), 语言结构主义 (linguistic structuralism)
后结构主义 hòu jiégòu zhǔyì post-structuralism n 后结构主义批评 (post-structuralist critique), 福柯后结构主义 (Foucauldian post-structuralism)
解构主义 jiěgòu zhǔyì deconstruction n 德里达解构主义 (Derridean deconstruction), 解构主义阅读 (deconstructive reading)
诠释学 quánshìxué hermeneutics n 哲学诠释学 (philosophical hermeneutics), 诠释学方法 (hermeneutic method)
批判理论 pīpàn lǐlùn critical theory n 批判理论视角 (critical theory perspective), 应用批判理论 (apply critical theory)
法兰克福学派 Fǎlánkèfú xuépài Frankfurt School n 法兰克福学派思想 (Frankfurt School thought), 法兰克福学派批判 (Frankfurt School critique)
后殖民主义 hòu zhímín zhǔyì postcolonialism n 后殖民主义批评 (postcolonial critique), 后殖民主义理论 (postcolonial theory)
女性主义理论 nǚxìng zhǔyì lǐlùn feminist theory n 女性主义理论框架 (feminist theoretical framework), 应用女性主义理论 (apply feminist theory)
交叉性 jiāochāxìng intersectionality n 交叉性分析 (intersectionality analysis), 交叉性理论 (intersectionality theory)
东方主义 dōngfāng zhǔyì orientalism n 萨义德东方主义 (Said's orientalism), 东方主义批判 (orientalism critique)
属下研究 shǔxià yánjiū subaltern studies n 属下研究视角 (subaltern studies perspective), 属下研究方法 (subaltern studies approach)
文化唯物主义 wénhuà wéiwù zhǔyì cultural materialism n 文化唯物主义分析 (cultural materialist analysis), 文化唯物主义批评 (cultural materialist critique)
新历史主义 xīn lìshǐ zhǔyì new historicism n 新历史主义批评 (new historicist criticism), 新历史主义方法 (new historicist approach)
话语分析 huàyǔ fēnxī discourse analysis n 批判性话语分析 (critical discourse analysis), 话语分析方法 (discourse analysis method)

Adjectives: Advanced Literary and Intellectual (高级文学智识形容词)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
晦涩 huìsè obscure, abstruse adj 晦涩难懂 (obscure and hard to understand), 文字晦涩 (abstruse writing)
艰深 jiānshēn profound and difficult adj 艰深晦涩 (difficult and obscure), 艰深学问 (profound and difficult scholarship)
隐晦 yǐnhuì veiled, indirect, implicit adj 隐晦表达 (veiled expression), 言辞隐晦 (indirect wording)
发人深省 fā rén shēn xǐng thought-provoking idiom 发人深省的故事 (thought-provoking story), 深刻发人深省 (profoundly thought-provoking)
振聋发聩 zhèn lóng fā kuì deafening, consciousness-awakening idiom 振聋发聩之言 (consciousness-awakening words), 振聋发聩的作品 (deafening work of literature)
警世 jǐngshì admonitory, cautionary adj 警世之作 (cautionary work), 警世意义 (admonitory significance)
别具一格 bié jù yī gé unique in style, one of a kind idiom 别具一格的风格 (unique style), 作品别具一格 (the work is one of a kind)
独树一帜 dú shù yī zhì forge one's own path, stand alone idiom 独树一帜的流派 (a school that stands alone), 学术独树一帜 (forge one's own academic path)
字字珠玑 zì zì zhū jī every word a gem idiom 文章字字珠玑 (every word in the essay is a gem), 字字珠玑之作 (a work where every word counts)
辞藻华美 cízǎo huámei flowery and ornate in language phr 辞藻华美的文章 (an article with flowery language), 辞藻华美而内容空洞 (ornate language but hollow content)
言简意赅 yán jiǎn yì gāi concise yet comprehensive idiom 言简意赅的表述 (concise yet comprehensive expression), 言简意赅地总结 (summarize concisely and comprehensively)
鞭辟入里 biān pì rù lǐ incisive and penetrating idiom 鞭辟入里的分析 (incisive analysis), 评论鞭辟入里 (penetrating commentary)
入木三分 rù mù sān fēn cut to the quick, penetrating idiom 刻画入木三分 (portray with penetrating accuracy), 批评入木三分 (cutting criticism)
深入浅出 shēn rù qiǎn chū explain profundity simply idiom 深入浅出地讲解 (explain profundity in simple terms), 深入浅出的写作 (accessible writing on complex topics)
寓意深刻 yùyì shēnkè profound in implication phr 寓意深刻的作品 (a work with profound implications), 寓意深刻的故事 (a story with deep meaning)

Chengyu and Classical Idioms (成语典故)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
殚精竭虑 dān jīng jié lǜ exhaust all mental resources, spare no thought idiom 殚精竭虑地研究 (research with total mental dedication), 为此殚精竭虑 (exhaust every thought on this)
呕心沥血 ǒu xīn lì xuè pour out one's heart and blood idiom 呕心沥血之作 (a work created with heart and blood), 呕心沥血地创作 (create with total devotion)
卧薪尝胆 wò xīn cháng dǎn endure hardship for a long-term goal idiom 卧薪尝胆的精神 (spirit of enduring hardship), 卧薪尝胆、励精图治 (endure hardship and strive for improvement)
负重致远 fù zhòng zhì yuǎn carry heavy loads far, take on great responsibilities idiom 负重致远的担当 (responsibility to carry a heavy burden far), 勇于负重致远 (willing to shoulder great responsibilities)
筚路蓝缕 bì lù lán lǚ start from scratch with great hardship idiom 筚路蓝缕的奋斗史 (a history of struggle from scratch), 筚路蓝缕、艰苦创业 (build a cause with great hardship)
砥砺前行 dǐ lì qián xíng forge ahead with perseverance idiom 砥砺前行的力量 (the power to forge ahead), 不忘初心、砥砺前行 (keep the original aspiration and forge ahead)
薪火相传 xīn huǒ xiāng chuán pass the torch, hand down the flame idiom 文化薪火相传 (cultural torch is passed on), 薪火相传、生生不息 (the torch is passed on without end)
守正创新 shǒu zhèng chuàng xīn uphold integrity while innovating idiom 守正创新的理念 (the concept of upholding integrity while innovating), 坚持守正创新 (adhere to integrity while innovating)
兼收并蓄 jiān shōu bìng xù embrace all, be all-inclusive idiom 兼收并蓄的胸怀 (an all-inclusive mindset), 兼收并蓄、博采众长 (embrace all and draw on diverse strengths)
推陈出新 tuī chén chū xīn weed out the old and bring forth the new idiom 推陈出新的创造力 (creativity to renew), 文化上推陈出新 (cultural renewal and innovation)
日新月异 rì xīn yuè yì change with each passing day idiom 日新月异的发展 (development that changes daily), 科技日新月异 (technology changes at a rapid pace)
锐意进取 ruì yì jìn qǔ forge ahead with determination idiom 锐意进取的精神 (spirit of determined advancement), 不断锐意进取 (continually forge ahead with determination)
开拓创新 kāi tuò chuàng xīn pioneer and innovate idiom 开拓创新的勇气 (courage to pioneer and innovate), 坚持开拓创新 (persist in pioneering and innovating)
与时偕行 yǔ shí xié xíng keep pace with the times idiom 与时偕行的精神 (spirit of keeping pace with the times), 思想与时偕行 (thinking that keeps up with the times)
不辱使命 bù rǔ shǐ mìng fulfill one's mission with honor idiom 不辱使命地完成任务 (complete the mission without dishonor), 不辱使命的担当 (the commitment to fulfill one's mission with honor)

Formal Literary Verbs (高级文学动词)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
铸就辉煌 zhù jiù huīhuáng to forge brilliance v/phr 铸就辉煌历史 (forge a brilliant history), 铸就辉煌篇章 (forge a glorious chapter)
谱写华章 pǔ xiě huázhāng to compose glorious chapters v/phr 谱写时代华章 (compose glorious chapters of the era), 谱写发展华章 (write a glorious chapter of development)
镌刻历史 juānkè lìshǐ to engrave in history v/phr 镌刻历史丰碑 (engrave a historical monument), 永久镌刻历史 (permanently engrave in history)
开辟鸿蒙 kāipì hóngméng to open up the primordial chaos, to start from nothing v/phr 开辟鸿蒙的创举 (the feat of creating from nothing), 开辟鸿蒙、化育万物 (open the primordial and give birth to all things)
拓荒前行 tuò huāng qián xíng to pioneer and advance v/phr 拓荒前行的勇气 (courage to pioneer and advance), 艰难拓荒前行 (pioneer and advance through hardship)
踔厉奋发 chuō lì fèn fā to stride forward with vigor v/phr 踔厉奋发、勇毅前行 (stride forward with vigor and courage), 踔厉奋发的精神 (spirit of striding forward with vigor)
笃行致远 dǔ xíng zhì yuǎn to act resolutely to reach far goals v/phr 笃行致远的信念 (the conviction to act resolutely for far goals), 知行合一、笃行致远 (unify knowledge and action, act resolutely for great goals)
蓄势待发 xù shì dài fā to build up strength ready for action v/phr 蓄势待发的态势 (posture of building strength for action), 蓄势待发、厚积薄发 (build up strength and release it at the right moment)
乘势而上 chéng shì ér shàng to ride the momentum v/phr 乘势而上、再创佳绩 (ride the momentum and achieve new results), 把握机遇、乘势而上 (seize the opportunity and ride the momentum)
顺势而为 shùn shì ér wéi to act in accordance with the trend v/phr 顺势而为的智慧 (the wisdom of acting with the trend), 顺势而为、因势利导 (act with the trend and guide it accordingly)
化危为机 huà wēi wéi jī to turn crisis into opportunity v/phr 化危为机的能力 (the ability to turn crisis into opportunity), 积极化危为机 (proactively turn crisis into opportunity)
守望相助 shǒu wàng xiāng zhù to watch over and help each other v/phr 守望相助的精神 (spirit of mutual support), 邻里守望相助 (neighbors watch over and help each other)
同舟共济 tóng zhōu gòng jì to sail in the same boat, to work together idiom 同舟共济的合作精神 (cooperative spirit of being in the same boat), 同舟共济、共渡难关 (sail together and overcome difficulties)
众志成城 zhòng zhì chéng chéng united we stand, many wills build a fortress idiom 众志成城的力量 (the strength of united will), 众志成城、共克时艰 (unite hearts and overcome hardships together)
凝心聚力 níng xīn jù lì to unite hearts and concentrate strength v/phr 凝心聚力谋发展 (unite hearts for development), 凝心聚力、攻坚克难 (unite strength and overcome difficulties)

Specialist Academic and Research Nouns (专业学术研究名词)

Chinese Pinyin English POS Usage Note
认识论框架 rènshílùn kuàngjià epistemological framework n 建立认识论框架 (establish an epistemological framework), 认识论框架分析 (epistemological framework analysis)
理论范式 lǐlùn fànshì theoretical paradigm n 主导理论范式 (dominant theoretical paradigm), 理论范式转移 (theoretical paradigm shift)
研究方法论 yánjiū fāngfǎlùn research methodology n 严格的研究方法论 (rigorous research methodology), 研究方法论设计 (research methodology design)
实证依据 shízhèng yījù empirical evidence n 充分的实证依据 (sufficient empirical evidence), 基于实证依据 (based on empirical evidence)
因果机制 yīnguǒ jīzhì causal mechanism n 阐明因果机制 (elucidate the causal mechanism), 因果机制分析 (causal mechanism analysis)
混淆变量 hùnxiáo biànliàng confounding variable n 控制混淆变量 (control for confounding variables), 混淆变量影响 (effect of confounding variables)
统计显著性 tǒngjì xiǎnzhùxìng statistical significance n 达到统计显著性 (achieve statistical significance), 统计显著性水平 (level of statistical significance)
效应量 xiàoyìngliàng effect size n 报告效应量 (report effect size), 效应量计算 (effect size calculation)
元分析 yuán fēnxī meta-analysis n 开展元分析 (conduct a meta-analysis), 系统元分析 (systematic meta-analysis)
系统综述 xìtǒng zōngshù systematic review n 发表系统综述 (publish a systematic review), 系统综述方法 (systematic review methodology)
定性研究 dìngxìng yánjiū qualitative research n 开展定性研究 (conduct qualitative research), 定性研究方法 (qualitative research method)
定量研究 dìngliàng yánjiū quantitative research n 采用定量研究 (adopt quantitative research), 定量研究设计 (quantitative research design)
混合方法 hùnhé fāngfǎ mixed methods n 混合方法研究 (mixed methods research), 应用混合方法 (apply mixed methods)
扎根理论 zhāgēn lǐlùn grounded theory n 扎根理论研究 (grounded theory research), 扎根理论方法 (grounded theory approach)
民族志 mínzúzhì ethnography n 民族志研究 (ethnographic research), 民族志田野调查 (ethnographic fieldwork)
内容分析 nèiróng fēnxī content analysis n 文本内容分析 (textual content analysis), 系统内容分析 (systematic content analysis)
案例研究 ànlì yánjiū case study n 深度案例研究 (in-depth case study), 比较案例研究 (comparative case study)
比较分析 bǐjiào fēnxī comparative analysis n 跨国比较分析 (cross-national comparative analysis), 系统比较分析 (systematic comparative analysis)
纵向研究 zòngxiàng yánjiū longitudinal study n 开展纵向研究 (conduct a longitudinal study), 纵向研究设计 (longitudinal study design)
横断面研究 héngduànmiàn yánjiū cross-sectional study n 横断面研究设计 (cross-sectional study design), 横断面研究数据 (cross-sectional study data)
随机对照试验 suíjī duìzhào shìyàn randomized controlled trial (RCT) n 开展随机对照试验 (conduct an RCT), 随机对照试验结果 (RCT results)
同行评审 tóngháng píngshěn peer review n 经过同行评审 (undergo peer review), 同行评审期刊 (peer-reviewed journal)
影响因子 yǐngxiǎng yīnzǐ impact factor n 期刊影响因子 (journal impact factor), 高影响因子期刊 (high-impact-factor journal)
h指数 h zhǐshù h-index n 学者h指数 (scholar's h-index), 计算h指数 (calculate the h-index)
范式转移 fànshì zhuǎnyí paradigm shift n 科学范式转移 (scientific paradigm shift), 引发范式转移 (trigger a paradigm shift)

Total vocabulary: approximately 400 words across all sections. Additional sections will be added to reach the full ~1,800-word HSK 7 target.