HSK 6 Vocabulary (1,800 New Words)

HSK 6 (C1) introduces approximately 1,800 new words, bringing the cumulative total to around 5,000. This level requires near-native comprehension of extended, complex text and speech across analytical, rhetorical, literary, legal, and scientific registers. The vocabulary below is organized by semantic category.

Verbs: Analytical and Rhetorical Actions (分析与修辞动词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
表述	biǎoshù	to describe, to formulate	v	准确表述 (accurately describe), 表述观点 (formulate a viewpoint)
辨别	biànbié	to distinguish, to differentiate	v	辨别真伪 (distinguish true from false), 辨别是非 (tell right from wrong)
阐明	chǎnmíng	to clarify, to elucidate	v	阐明立场 (clarify one's position), 阐明原则 (elucidate principles)
阐述	chǎnshù	to elaborate, to expound	v	阐述观点 (elaborate on a viewpoint), 系统阐述 (systematically expound)
阐释	chǎnshì	to interpret, to explain in depth	v	阐释含义 (interpret the meaning), 阐释理论 (explain a theory in depth)
辩证	biànzhèng	to analyze dialectically; dialectical	v/adj	辩证看待 (view dialectically), 辩证关系 (dialectical relationship)
诠释	quánshì	to interpret, to give a full explanation	v	诠释意义 (interpret meaning), 重新诠释 (reinterpret)
归纳	guīnà	to summarize, to generalize	v	归纳总结 (summarize and generalize), 归纳规律 (generalize laws)
演绎	yǎnyì	to deduce; to perform, to adapt	v	演绎推理 (deductive reasoning), 演绎经典 (perform a classic)
批判	pīpàn	to criticize, to critique	v	批判思维 (critical thinking), 批判性分析 (critical analysis)
辨析	biànxī	to analyze and differentiate	v	辨析词义 (analyze word meanings), 辨析异同 (differentiate similarities and differences)
权衡	quánhéng	to weigh, to balance	v	权衡利弊 (weigh pros and cons), 权衡得失 (weigh gains and losses)
审视	shěnshì	to scrutinize, to examine critically	v	审视问题 (scrutinize a problem), 重新审视 (reexamine)
探讨	tàntǎo	to explore, to probe into	v	深入探讨 (explore in depth), 探讨可能性 (explore possibilities)
剖析	pōuxī	to dissect, to analyze thoroughly	v	剖析原因 (dissect the reasons), 深刻剖析 (thoroughly analyze)
验证	yànzhèng	to verify, to validate	v	验证假设 (verify a hypothesis), 实验验证 (experimental verification)
推断	tuīduàn	to infer, to deduce	v	合理推断 (reasonable inference), 逻辑推断 (logical deduction)
假设	jiǎshè	to assume, to hypothesize; hypothesis	v/n	提出假设 (propose a hypothesis), 基于假设 (based on assumptions)
分析	fēnxī	to analyze; analysis	v/n	深入分析 (in-depth analysis), 系统分析 (systematic analysis)
概述	gàishù	to summarize, to give an overview	v	简要概述 (briefly summarize), 全面概述 (give a comprehensive overview)
概括	gàikuò	to generalize, to summarize	v	高度概括 (highly generalize), 概括要点 (summarize key points)
综述	zōngshù	to synthesize; review article	v/n	综述研究 (synthesize research), 文献综述 (literature review)
梳理	shūlǐ	to comb through, to organize	v	梳理思路 (organize one's thinking), 梳理脉络 (trace the thread)
系统	xìtǒng	to systematize; systematic	v/adj	系统梳理 (systematically organize), 系统研究 (systematic study)
整合	zhěnghé	to integrate, to consolidate	v	整合资源 (integrate resources), 整合信息 (consolidate information)
提炼	tíliàn	to refine, to extract the essence	v	提炼观点 (refine viewpoints), 提炼精华 (extract the essence)
精炼	jīngliàn	to refine; concise	v/adj	语言精炼 (concise language), 精炼表达 (refine one's expression)
凝练	nínliàn	to distill; refined and concise	v/adj	凝练语言 (distill language), 文字凝练 (refined and concise writing)
架构	jiàgòu	framework; to structure	n/v	理论架构 (theoretical framework), 架构设计 (structural design)
构建	gòujiàn	to construct, to build	v	构建体系 (construct a system), 构建理论框架 (build a theoretical framework)
承载	chéngzài	to carry, to bear	v	承载文化 (carry culture), 承载责任 (bear responsibility)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
颁布	bānbù	to promulgate, to issue	v	颁布法律 (promulgate a law), 颁布政策 (issue a policy)
弘扬	hóngyáng	to promote, to carry forward	v	弘扬传统 (promote tradition), 弘扬精神 (carry forward the spirit)
倡议	chàngyì	to propose, to initiate; proposal	v/n	提出倡议 (put forward a proposal), 积极倡议 (actively propose)
遏制	èzhì	to restrain, to curb	v	遏制腐败 (curb corruption), 遏制趋势 (restrain a trend)
规避	guībì	to circumvent, to evade	v	规避风险 (avoid risks), 规避法律 (circumvent the law)
践行	jiànxíng	to practice, to put into action	v	践行理念 (practice an idea), 践行承诺 (fulfill a commitment)
诠释	quánshì	to interpret, to explain fully	v	诠释精神 (interpret the spirit), 生动诠释 (vividly interpret)
彰显	zhāngxiǎn	to manifest, to highlight	v	彰显价值 (manifest value), 彰显特色 (highlight characteristics)

Adjectives: Rhetorical and Literary Qualities (修辞与文学形容词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
博大精深	bódà jīngshēn	vast and profound	idiom	中华文化博大精深 (Chinese culture is vast and profound)
鲜明	xiānmíng	vivid, clear, distinct	adj	鲜明对比 (vivid contrast), 立场鲜明 (clear-cut stance)
深邃	shēnsuì	profound, deep	adj	思想深邃 (profound thought), 目光深邃 (deep-set eyes)
微妙	wēimiào	subtle, delicate	adj	微妙关系 (subtle relationship), 微妙变化 (subtle change)
深远	shēnyuǎn	far-reaching, profound	adj	深远影响 (far-reaching influence), 深远意义 (profound significance)
客观	kèguān	objective	adj	客观事实 (objective facts), 客观公正 (objective and impartial)
主观	zhǔguān	subjective	adj	主观判断 (subjective judgment), 主观因素 (subjective factors)
系统	xìtǒng	systematic	adj	系统研究 (systematic research), 系统培训 (systematic training)
严谨	yánjǐn	rigorous, meticulous	adj	严谨态度 (rigorous attitude), 治学严谨 (meticulous scholarship)
缜密	zhěnmì	meticulous, thorough	adj	缜密分析 (meticulous analysis), 思维缜密 (thorough thinking)
详尽	xiángjìn	exhaustive, detailed	adj	详尽说明 (detailed explanation), 分析详尽 (exhaustive analysis)

Nouns: Academic and Intellectual Concepts (学术与思想名词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
本质	běnzhì	essence, nature	n	事物本质 (the essence of things), 揭示本质 (reveal the essence)
辩证法	biànzhèngfǎ	dialectics	n	运用辩证法 (apply dialectics)
范畴	fànchóu	category, sphere	n	学科范畴 (academic category), 属于...范畴 (fall within the category of)
纲领	gānglǐng	program, guiding principles	n	行动纲领 (program of action), 核心纲领 (core principles)
规律	guīlǜ	law, rule, regularity	n	客观规律 (objective law), 遵循规律 (follow the law)
规范	guīfàn	norm, standard; to standardize	n/v	行为规范 (code of conduct), 符合规范 (conform to norms)
含义	hányì	meaning, connotation	n	深刻含义 (deep meaning), 多重含义 (multiple meanings)
内涵	nèihán	connotation, inner meaning	n	文化内涵 (cultural connotation), 丰富内涵 (rich connotation)
论点	lùndiǎn	argument, thesis	n	中心论点 (central argument), 支持论点 (support an argument)
论据	lùnjù	evidence, grounds	n	充分论据 (sufficient evidence), 举出论据 (cite evidence)
命题	mìngtí	proposition; to set a topic	n/v	哲学命题 (philosophical proposition), 命题作文 (assigned essay)
前沿	qiányán	frontier, cutting edge	n	学科前沿 (academic frontier), 前沿研究 (cutting-edge research)
权威	quánwēi	authority; authoritative	n/adj	学术权威 (academic authority), 权威资料 (authoritative sources)
逻辑	luóji	logic	n	严密逻辑 (rigorous logic), 逻辑错误 (logical error)
理念	lǐniàn	idea, concept, philosophy	n	核心理念 (core concept), 发展理念 (development philosophy)
思路	sīlù	train of thought, approach	n	理清思路 (clarify one's thinking), 创新思路 (innovative approach)
思维	sīwéi	thinking, thought	n	批判性思维 (critical thinking), 逻辑思维 (logical thinking)
体现	tǐxiàn	embodiment; to embody	n/v	具体体现 (concrete embodiment), 充分体现 (fully embody)
文脉	wénmài	cultural lineage, textual thread	n	梳理文脉 (trace the cultural lineage)
语境	yǔjìng	context, linguistic environment	n	在此语境下 (in this context), 理解语境 (understand the context)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
底线	dǐxiàn	bottom line, minimum standard	n	道德底线 (moral bottom line), 坚守底线 (hold the line)
格局	géjú	pattern, structure, situation	n	世界格局 (world pattern), 大格局 (big picture)
共识	gòngshí	consensus	n	达成共识 (reach a consensus), 社会共识 (social consensus)
根基	gēnjī	foundation, basis	n	深厚根基 (deep-rooted foundation), 动摇根基 (shake the foundation)
进程	jìnchéng	process, progress	n	历史进程 (historical process), 推进进程 (advance the process)
框架	kuàngjià	framework, structure	n	制度框架 (institutional framework), 分析框架 (analytical framework)
利益	lìyì	interest, benefit	n	国家利益 (national interest), 维护利益 (safeguard interests)
民主	mínzhǔ	democracy; democratic	n/adj	发展民主 (develop democracy), 民主决策 (democratic decision-making)
融合	rónghé	fusion, integration	n	文化融合 (cultural integration), 深度融合 (deep integration)
使命	shǐmìng	mission	n	历史使命 (historical mission), 承担使命 (take on a mission)
形态	xíngtài	form, shape, mode	n	意识形态 (ideology), 多种形态 (multiple forms)
秩序	zhìxù	order	n	社会秩序 (social order), 维护秩序 (maintain order)
智慧	zhìhuì	wisdom	n	集体智慧 (collective wisdom), 充满智慧 (full of wisdom)

Adverbs and Connectives: Formal Register (正式副词与连接词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
诚然	chéngrán	admittedly, of course	adv	诚然，这有一定道理 (admittedly, this has some merit)
固然	gùrán	of course, admittedly	adv	固然重要 (admittedly important), 固然如此 (of course that is so)
况且	kuàngqiě	moreover, besides	conj	况且时间有限 (moreover, time is limited)
乃至	nǎizhì	even, and even	conj	影响全国乃至全球 (affecting the whole country and even globally)
不妨	bùfáng	might as well, there is no harm in	adv	不妨尝试一下 (it wouldn't hurt to try)
毕竟	bìjìng	after all, when all is said and done	adv	毕竟这是事实 (after all, this is a fact)
诚如	chéngrú	as is indeed the case, just as	conj	诚如所言 (just as you say)
鉴于	jiànyú	in view of, given	prep	鉴于此 (in view of this), 鉴于情况 (given the circumstances)
就此	jiùcǐ	with this, on this note	adv	就此而言 (in this regard), 就此打住 (stop here)
无非	wúfēi	nothing but, merely	adv	无非是借口 (nothing but an excuse)
以至	yǐzhì	so that, to the point that	conj	以至于 (to such a degree that)

Literary and Classical Vocabulary (文学与古典词汇)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
浩瀚	hàohàn	vast, immense	adj	浩瀚星空 (vast starry sky), 浩瀚知识 (immense knowledge)
隽永	juànyǒng	profound and lasting (of meaning)	adj	含义隽永 (profound and lasting meaning)
苍茫	cāngmáng	vast and hazy, boundless	adj	苍茫大地 (boundless earth), 暮色苍茫 (twilight vastness)
恢宏	huīhóng	magnificent, grand	adj	气势恢宏 (magnificent in scale), 恢宏气魄 (grand spirit)
跌宕	diēdàng	fluctuating, full of ups and downs	adj	跌宕起伏 (full of ups and downs), 情节跌宕 (plot with twists)
娓娓	wěiwěi	fluently, in a flowing manner	adv	娓娓道来 (narrate in a flowing manner)
淡泊	dànbó	indifferent to fame and gain	adj	淡泊名利 (indifferent to fame and wealth), 心境淡泊 (detached state of mind)
卓越	zhuóyuè	outstanding, remarkable	adj	卓越成就 (outstanding achievement), 卓越贡献 (remarkable contribution)
深厚	shēnhòu	deep, profound, solid	adj	深厚感情 (deep feelings), 深厚功底 (solid foundation of skills)
斐然	fěirán	brilliant, striking	adj	成绩斐然 (striking results), 文采斐然 (brilliant literary talent)

Verbs: Economic and Financial (经济金融动词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
重组	chóngzǔ	to restructure, to reorganize	v	重组企业 (restructure a company), 重组架构 (reorganize the structure)
垄断	lǒngduàn	to monopolize	v	垄断市场 (monopolize the market), 垄断资源 (monopolize resources)
投机	tóujī	to speculate	v	投机取巧 (seek shortcuts through speculation), 投机行为 (speculative behavior)
仲裁	zhòngcái	to arbitrate	v	仲裁纠纷 (arbitrate a dispute), 申请仲裁 (apply for arbitration)
补贴	bǔtiē	to subsidize	v	补贴农业 (subsidize agriculture), 政府补贴 (government subsidy)
国有化	guóyǒuhuà	to nationalize	v	国有化企业 (nationalize enterprises), 推行国有化 (carry out nationalization)
私有化	sīyǒuhuà	to privatize	v	私有化改革 (privatization reform), 推进私有化 (advance privatization)
承销	chéngxiāo	to underwrite	v	承销债券 (underwrite bonds), 承销股票 (underwrite shares)
对冲	duìchōng	to hedge	v	对冲风险 (hedge risk), 对冲基金 (hedge fund)
审计	shěnjì	to audit	v	审计账目 (audit accounts), 独立审计 (independent audit)
清算	qīngsuàn	to liquidate, to settle accounts	v	清算债务 (liquidate debts), 清算公司 (liquidate a company)
流通	liútōng	to circulate	v	货币流通 (currency circulation), 流通领域 (circulation sphere)
贬值	biǎnzhí	to depreciate, to devalue	v	货币贬值 (currency depreciation), 资产贬值 (asset depreciation)
升值	shēngzhí	to appreciate, to increase in value	v	人民币升值 (RMB appreciation), 资产升值 (asset appreciation)
杠杆化	gǎnggǎnhuà	to leverage	v	高度杠杆化 (highly leveraged), 杠杆化运作 (leveraged operation)
解除管制	jiěchú guǎnzhì	to deregulate	v	解除金融管制 (deregulate the financial sector), 逐步解除管制 (gradually deregulate)
多元化	duōyuánhuà	to diversify	v	多元化经营 (diversify operations), 投资多元化 (diversify investments)
合理化	hélǐhuà	to rationalize	v	合理化生产 (rationalize production), 合理化建议 (rationalization proposal)
积累	jīlěi	to accumulate	v	积累资本 (accumulate capital), 积累经验 (accumulate experience)
榨取	zhàqǔ	to extract, to squeeze out	v	榨取利润 (extract profit), 榨取剩余价值 (extract surplus value)
融资	róngzī	to raise funds, to finance	v	融资渠道 (financing channels), 股权融资 (equity financing)
套利	tàolì	to arbitrage	v	套利空间 (arbitrage space), 跨市场套利 (cross-market arbitrage)
注资	zhùzī	to inject capital	v	注资企业 (inject capital into an enterprise), 政府注资 (government capital injection)
核算	hésuàn	to calculate costs, to account for	v	核算成本 (calculate costs), 成本核算 (cost accounting)
调控	tiáokòng	to regulate, to control and adjust	v	宏观调控 (macro-regulation), 调控市场 (regulate the market)

Verbs: Legal and Judicial (法律司法动词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
起诉	qǐsù	to prosecute, to sue	v	提起诉讼 (bring a lawsuit), 起诉被告 (prosecute the defendant)
裁决	cáijué	to adjudicate, to rule	v	作出裁决 (make a ruling), 仲裁裁决 (arbitration ruling)
立法	lìfǎ	to legislate	v	立法机关 (legislative body), 立法程序 (legislative procedure)
批准	pīzhǔn	to ratify, to approve	v	批准条约 (ratify a treaty), 批准申请 (approve an application)
颁布	bānbù	to promulgate, to issue	v	颁布法律 (promulgate a law), 颁布命令 (issue an order)
废除	fèichú	to repeal, to abolish	v	废除法规 (repeal regulations), 废除制度 (abolish a system)
执行	zhíxíng	to enforce, to execute	v	执行判决 (enforce a verdict), 执行任务 (execute a task)
起诉	qǐsù	to indict, to charge	v	大陪审团起诉 (grand jury indictment), 起诉书 (indictment document)
无罪释放	wúzuì shìfàng	to acquit	v	宣判无罪释放 (declare acquittal), 获得无罪释放 (be acquitted)
上诉	shàngsù	to appeal	v	提出上诉 (file an appeal), 上诉法院 (court of appeal)
控告	kònggào	to sue, to accuse	v	控告侵权 (sue for infringement), 提出控告 (bring charges)
调解	tiáojiě	to mediate, to conciliate	v	调解纠纷 (mediate a dispute), 庭外调解 (out-of-court mediation)
斡旋	wòxuán	to mediate, to broker	v	从中斡旋 (mediate between parties), 斡旋谈判 (broker negotiations)
释法	shìfǎ	to interpret the law	v	全国人大释法 (NPC interpretation of the law), 司法释法 (judicial interpretation)
执法	zhífǎ	to enforce the law	v	执法部门 (law enforcement department), 依法执法 (enforce the law according to law)
违反	wéifǎn	to breach, to violate	v	违反合同 (breach a contract), 违反规定 (violate regulations)
使无效	shǐ wúxiào	to nullify, to invalidate	v	使合同无效 (nullify a contract), 宣布无效 (declare null and void)
修订	xiūdìng	to amend, to revise	v	修订法律 (amend a law), 修订条款 (revise clauses)
授权	shòuquán	to mandate, to authorize	v	法律授权 (legal authorization), 授权代理 (authorize an agent)
遵从	zūncóng	to comply with, to abide by	v	遵从法律 (comply with the law), 遵从判决 (abide by the verdict)
规管	guīguǎn	to regulate, to govern	v	规管行业 (regulate an industry), 规管机构 (regulatory body)
监督	jiāndū	to supervise, to oversee	v	监督执行 (supervise implementation), 独立监督 (independent oversight)
禁止	jìnzhǐ	to prohibit, to ban	v	明令禁止 (explicitly prohibit), 禁止行为 (prohibited conduct)
制裁	zhìcái	to sanction, to penalize	v	经济制裁 (economic sanctions), 实施制裁 (impose sanctions)
引渡	yǐndù	to extradite	v	引渡罪犯 (extradite a criminal), 拒绝引渡 (refuse extradition)

Verbs: Psychological and Emotional (心理情感动词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
反省	fǎnxǐng	to introspect, to reflect on oneself	v	深刻反省 (deeply reflect on oneself), 反省错误 (reflect on one's mistakes)
共情	gòngqíng	to empathize	v	与他人共情 (empathize with others), 共情能力 (empathy ability)
理性化	lǐxìnghuà	to rationalize	v	行为理性化 (rationalize behavior), 理性化处理 (handle rationally)
投射	tóushè	to project (psychologically)	v	情感投射 (emotional projection), 将情绪投射他人 (project emotions onto others)
升华	shēnghuá	to sublimate, to elevate	v	情感升华 (sublimate emotions), 升华主题 (elevate the theme)
压抑	yāyì	to repress, to suppress	v	压抑情感 (repress emotions), 压抑欲望 (suppress desires)
内化	nèihuà	to internalize	v	内化价值观 (internalize values), 内化规范 (internalize norms)
外化	wàihuà	to externalize	v	外化内心冲突 (externalize inner conflict), 外化行为 (externalize behavior)
自我实现	zìwǒ shíxiàn	to self-actualize	v	追求自我实现 (pursue self-actualization), 实现自我价值 (realize one's self-worth)
从众	cóngzhòng	to conform, to follow the crowd	v	从众心理 (conformity mentality), 盲目从众 (blindly follow the crowd)
偏离	piānlí	to deviate, to stray from	v	偏离正轨 (deviate from the right path), 偏离目标 (stray from the goal)
适应	shìyìng	to adapt, to adjust to	v	适应环境 (adapt to the environment), 快速适应 (quickly adapt)
应对	yìngduì	to cope with, to deal with	v	应对压力 (cope with stress), 有效应对 (effectively deal with)
克服	kèfú	to overcome	v	克服困难 (overcome difficulties), 克服心理障碍 (overcome psychological barriers)
直面	zhímiàn	to confront, to face directly	v	直面问题 (confront a problem), 直面挑战 (face challenges head-on)
抑制	yìzhì	to suppress, to inhibit	v	抑制冲动 (suppress impulses), 抑制情绪 (inhibit emotions)
疏导	shūdǎo	to channel, to guide and relieve	v	疏导情绪 (channel emotions), 心理疏导 (psychological counseling)
转化	zhuǎnhuà	to transform, to convert	v	转化负能量 (transform negative energy), 转化矛盾 (transform contradictions)
和解	héjiě	to reconcile, to make peace	v	与自己和解 (reconcile with oneself), 达成和解 (reach a reconciliation)
整合	zhěnghé	to integrate, to consolidate	v	整合资源 (integrate resources), 整合信息 (consolidate information)
疗愈	liáoyù	to heal, to provide therapy	v	疗愈创伤 (heal trauma), 自我疗愈 (self-healing)
培育	péiyù	to nurture, to cultivate	v	培育人才 (nurture talent), 培育习惯 (cultivate habits)
激励	jīlì	to inspire, to motivate	v	激励团队 (inspire a team), 激励机制 (incentive mechanism)
安慰	ānwèi	to reassure, to comfort	v	安慰他人 (comfort others), 寻求安慰 (seek reassurance)
激发	jīfā	to motivate, to stimulate	v	激发潜能 (stimulate potential), 激发兴趣 (arouse interest)

Nouns: Legal and Governance (法律治理名词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
司法管辖权	sīfǎ guǎnxiáquán	jurisdiction	n	行使司法管辖权 (exercise jurisdiction), 管辖权争议 (jurisdictional dispute)
先例	xiānlì	precedent	n	开创先例 (set a precedent), 遵循先例 (follow precedent)
法规	fǎguī	statute, regulation	n	遵守法规 (comply with statutes), 制定法规 (formulate regulations)
条例	tiáolì	ordinance, regulations	n	地方条例 (local ordinance), 行政条例 (administrative regulations)
附则	fùzé	bylaws, supplementary provisions	n	公司附则 (company bylaws), 附则规定 (supplementary provisions)
法庭	fǎtíng	tribunal, court	n	出庭受审 (appear before the tribunal), 国际法庭 (international tribunal)
诉讼	sùsòng	litigation, lawsuit	n	提起诉讼 (initiate litigation), 民事诉讼 (civil litigation)
原告	yuángào	plaintiff	n	原告方 (plaintiff's side), 原告代理人 (plaintiff's representative)
被告	bèigào	defendant	n	被告人 (the defendant), 被告律师 (defense attorney)
裁决	cáijué	verdict, ruling	n	最终裁决 (final verdict), 仲裁裁决 (arbitration ruling)
判决	pànjué	sentence, judgment	n	执行判决 (execute a judgment), 终审判决 (final judgment)
处罚	chǔfá	penalty, punishment	n	法律处罚 (legal penalty), 行政处罚 (administrative punishment)
罚款	fákuǎn	fine	n	缴纳罚款 (pay a fine), 罚款金额 (amount of fine)
缓刑	huǎnxíng	probation, suspended sentence	n	判处缓刑 (sentence to probation), 缓刑期间 (probation period)
假释	jiǎshì	parole	n	申请假释 (apply for parole), 假释条件 (parole conditions)
豁免	huòmiǎn	immunity, exemption	n	外交豁免 (diplomatic immunity), 豁免权 (right of immunity)
引渡	yǐndù	extradition	n	引渡条约 (extradition treaty), 拒绝引渡 (refuse extradition)
主权	zhǔquán	sovereignty	n	国家主权 (national sovereignty), 维护主权 (uphold sovereignty)
宪法	xiànfǎ	constitution	n	修改宪法 (amend the constitution), 宪法权利 (constitutional rights)
修正案	xiūzhèng'àn	amendment	n	宪法修正案 (constitutional amendment), 提出修正案 (propose an amendment)
正当程序	zhèngdāng chéngxù	due process	n	正当程序原则 (principle of due process), 保障正当程序 (safeguard due process)
无罪推定	wúzuì tuīdìng	presumption of innocence	n	无罪推定原则 (principle of presumption of innocence), 坚持无罪推定 (uphold presumption of innocence)
法治	fǎzhì	rule of law	n	依法治国 (govern the country by rule of law), 法治精神 (spirit of rule of law)
司法独立	sīfǎ dúlì	judicial independence	n	维护司法独立 (uphold judicial independence), 司法独立原则 (principle of judicial independence)

Nouns: Economics and Finance (经济金融名词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
宏观经济	hónguān jīngjì	macroeconomics	n	宏观经济政策 (macroeconomic policy), 宏观经济指标 (macroeconomic indicator)
微观经济	wēiguān jīngjì	microeconomics	n	微观经济分析 (microeconomic analysis), 微观经济主体 (microeconomic agent)
国内生产总值	guónèi shēngchǎn zǒngzhí	GDP, gross domestic product	n	国内生产总值增长 (GDP growth), 人均国内生产总值 (per capita GDP)
通货膨胀	tōnghuò péngzhàng	inflation	n	控制通货膨胀 (control inflation), 通货膨胀率 (inflation rate)
通货紧缩	tōnghuò jǐnsuō	deflation	n	应对通货紧缩 (address deflation), 通货紧缩压力 (deflationary pressure)
失业率	shīyèlǜ	unemployment rate	n	降低失业率 (reduce the unemployment rate), 结构性失业 (structural unemployment)
贸易平衡	màoyì pínghéng	trade balance	n	维持贸易平衡 (maintain trade balance), 贸易平衡逆差 (trade balance deficit)
经常账户	jīngcháng zhànghù	current account	n	经常账户顺差 (current account surplus), 经常账户赤字 (current account deficit)
财政政策	cáizhèng zhèngcè	fiscal policy	n	积极财政政策 (proactive fiscal policy), 宽松财政政策 (expansionary fiscal policy)
货币政策	huòbì zhèngcè	monetary policy	n	紧缩货币政策 (tight monetary policy), 货币政策工具 (monetary policy instrument)
债券	zhàiquàn	bond	n	发行债券 (issue bonds), 国债 (government bond)
股权	gǔquán	equity	n	股权融资 (equity financing), 股权结构 (equity structure)
衍生品	yǎnshēngpǐn	derivatives	n	金融衍生品 (financial derivatives), 衍生品交易 (derivatives trading)
对冲基金	duìchōng jījīn	hedge fund	n	对冲基金策略 (hedge fund strategy), 管理对冲基金 (manage a hedge fund)
风险投资	fēngxiǎn tóuzī	venture capital	n	风险投资机构 (venture capital institution), 获得风险投资 (obtain venture capital)
私募股权	sīmù gǔquán	private equity	n	私募股权基金 (private equity fund), 私募股权投资 (private equity investment)
并购	bìnggòu	merger and acquisition	n	企业并购 (corporate merger), 跨国并购 (cross-border acquisition)
收购	shōugòu	acquisition, takeover	n	恶意收购 (hostile takeover), 收购协议 (acquisition agreement)
市值	shìzhí	market capitalization	n	总市值 (total market cap), 市值排名 (market cap ranking)
股息	gǔxī	dividend	n	发放股息 (pay dividends), 股息收益率 (dividend yield)
利率	lìlǜ	interest rate	n	基准利率 (benchmark interest rate), 调整利率 (adjust interest rates)
汇率	huìlǜ	exchange rate	n	汇率波动 (exchange rate fluctuation), 固定汇率 (fixed exchange rate)
关税	guānshuì	tariff	n	提高关税 (raise tariffs), 关税壁垒 (tariff barrier)
配额	pèié	quota	n	进口配额 (import quota), 配额制度 (quota system)
赤字	chìzì	deficit	n	财政赤字 (fiscal deficit), 贸易赤字 (trade deficit)

Nouns: Medical and Health (医学健康名词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
病理学	bìnglǐxué	pathology	n	病理学研究 (pathology research), 临床病理学 (clinical pathology)
病因学	bìngyīnxué	etiology	n	疾病病因学 (disease etiology), 病因学分析 (etiological analysis)
预后	yùhòu	prognosis	n	预后良好 (good prognosis), 评估预后 (assess prognosis)
诊断	zhěnduàn	diagnosis	n	确定诊断 (confirm a diagnosis), 误诊漏诊 (misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis)
症状	zhèngzhuàng	symptom	n	临床症状 (clinical symptoms), 症状缓解 (symptom relief)
综合征	zōnghézhēng	syndrome	n	代谢综合征 (metabolic syndrome), 罕见综合征 (rare syndrome)
并发症	bìngfāzhèng	complication	n	术后并发症 (postoperative complications), 预防并发症 (prevent complications)
禁忌症	jìnjìzhèng	contraindication	n	用药禁忌症 (medication contraindication), 相对禁忌症 (relative contraindication)
剂量	jìliàng	dosage	n	用药剂量 (medication dosage), 剂量调整 (dosage adjustment)
疗效	liáoxiào	efficacy, therapeutic effect	n	临床疗效 (clinical efficacy), 疗效评估 (efficacy assessment)
毒性	dúxìng	toxicity	n	药物毒性 (drug toxicity), 毒性反应 (toxic reaction)
免疫力	miǎnyìlì	immunity	n	提高免疫力 (boost immunity), 免疫力低下 (low immunity)
抗体	kàngtǐ	antibody	n	产生抗体 (produce antibodies), 抗体检测 (antibody test)
抗原	kàngyuán	antigen	n	抗原识别 (antigen recognition), 表面抗原 (surface antigen)
疫苗	yìmiáo	vaccine	n	接种疫苗 (administer a vaccine), 研发疫苗 (develop a vaccine)
流行病	liúxíngbìng	epidemic	n	控制流行病 (control an epidemic), 流行病学调查 (epidemiological investigation)
大流行病	dà liúxíngbìng	pandemic	n	应对大流行病 (respond to a pandemic), 全球大流行病 (global pandemic)
基因组	jīyīnzǔ	genome	n	人类基因组 (human genome), 基因组测序 (genome sequencing)
突变	tūbiàn	mutation	n	基因突变 (genetic mutation), 病毒突变 (virus mutation)
致癌物	zhìáiwù	carcinogen	n	已知致癌物 (known carcinogen), 避免接触致癌物 (avoid exposure to carcinogens)
代谢	dàixiè	metabolism	n	新陈代谢 (metabolism), 代谢紊乱 (metabolic disorder)
内分泌	nèifēnmì	endocrine	n	内分泌系统 (endocrine system), 内分泌失调 (endocrine disorder)
神经	shénjīng	neural, nerve	n	神经系统 (nervous system), 神经损伤 (nerve damage)
心血管	xīnxuèguǎn	cardiovascular	n	心血管疾病 (cardiovascular disease), 心血管健康 (cardiovascular health)
康复	kāngfù	rehabilitation	n	康复治疗 (rehabilitation therapy), 康复训练 (rehabilitation training)

Nouns: Philosophy and Thought (哲学思想名词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
认识论	rènshílùn	epistemology	n	认识论问题 (epistemological question), 认识论研究 (epistemological research)
本体论	běntǐlùn	ontology	n	本体论争论 (ontological debate), 本体论基础 (ontological foundation)
现象学	xiànxiàngxué	phenomenology	n	胡塞尔现象学 (Husserlian phenomenology), 现象学方法 (phenomenological method)
存在主义	cúnzài zhǔyì	existentialism	n	萨特存在主义 (Sartrean existentialism), 存在主义思潮 (existentialist trend of thought)
马克思主义	mǎkèsī zhǔyì	Marxism	n	马克思主义理论 (Marxist theory), 马克思主义哲学 (Marxist philosophy)
辩证法	biànzhèngfǎ	dialectic	n	唯物辩证法 (materialist dialectic), 辩证法思想 (dialectical thought)
唯物主义	wéiwù zhǔyì	materialism	n	历史唯物主义 (historical materialism), 辩证唯物主义 (dialectical materialism)
唯心主义	wéixīn zhǔyì	idealism	n	客观唯心主义 (objective idealism), 唯心主义哲学 (idealist philosophy)
实用主义	shíyòng zhǔyì	pragmatism	n	实用主义哲学 (pragmatist philosophy), 实用主义态度 (pragmatic attitude)
人文主义	rénwén zhǔyì	humanism	n	文艺复兴人文主义 (Renaissance humanism), 人文主义精神 (humanist spirit)
相对主义	xiāngduì zhǔyì	relativism	n	文化相对主义 (cultural relativism), 道德相对主义 (moral relativism)
绝对主义	juéduì zhǔyì	absolutism	n	道德绝对主义 (moral absolutism), 绝对主义倾向 (absolutist tendency)
后现代主义	hòuxiàndài zhǔyì	postmodernism	n	后现代主义思潮 (postmodernist current), 后现代主义批评 (postmodernist criticism)
结构主义	jiégòu zhǔyì	structuralism	n	语言结构主义 (linguistic structuralism), 结构主义分析 (structuralist analysis)
解构主义	jiěgòu zhǔyì	deconstruction	n	德里达解构主义 (Derridean deconstruction), 解构主义批评 (deconstructionist criticism)
诠释学	quánshìxué	hermeneutics	n	哲学诠释学 (philosophical hermeneutics), 诠释学方法 (hermeneutical method)
美学	měixué	aesthetics	n	美学理论 (aesthetic theory), 美学价值 (aesthetic value)
价值论	jiàzhílùn	axiology	n	伦理价值论 (ethical axiology), 价值论研究 (axiological research)
逻辑学	luójíxué	logic	n	形式逻辑学 (formal logic), 逻辑学推理 (logical reasoning)
修辞学	xiūcíxué	rhetoric	n	古典修辞学 (classical rhetoric), 修辞学分析 (rhetorical analysis)
符号学	fúhàoxué	semiotics	n	索绪尔符号学 (Saussurean semiotics), 符号学理论 (semiotic theory)
功利主义	gōnglì zhǔyì	utilitarianism	n	边沁功利主义 (Benthamite utilitarianism), 功利主义原则 (utilitarian principle)
儒家思想	rújiā sīxiǎng	Confucianism	n	儒家思想传统 (Confucian tradition), 儒家思想影响 (influence of Confucianism)
道家思想	dàojiā sīxiǎng	Taoism	n	道家思想哲学 (Taoist philosophy), 道家思想精髓 (essence of Taoist thought)

Nouns: Arts and Culture (艺术文化名词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
体裁	tǐcái	genre, literary form	n	文学体裁 (literary genre), 体裁特征 (genre characteristics)
叙事	xùshì	narrative	n	叙事结构 (narrative structure), 叙事手法 (narrative technique)
象征主义	xiàngzhēng zhǔyì	symbolism	n	文学象征主义 (literary symbolism), 象征主义手法 (symbolist technique)
寓言	yùyán	allegory, fable	n	政治寓言 (political allegory), 寓言故事 (allegorical tale)
比喻	bǐyù	metaphor, analogy	n	生动比喻 (vivid metaphor), 运用比喻 (employ metaphor)
讽刺	fěngcì	irony, satire	n	辛辣讽刺 (biting satire), 讽刺手法 (ironic technique)
讽刺文学	fěngcì wénxué	satirical literature	n	讽刺文学传统 (tradition of satirical literature), 政治讽刺文学 (political satire)
悖论	bèilùn	paradox	n	逻辑悖论 (logical paradox), 悖论现象 (paradoxical phenomenon)
格言	géyán	aphorism, maxim	n	人生格言 (life aphorism), 古老格言 (ancient maxim)
史诗	shǐshī	epic	n	荷马史诗 (Homeric epic), 英雄史诗 (heroic epic)
抒情诗	shūqíngshī	lyric poetry	n	浪漫抒情诗 (romantic lyric poetry), 抒情诗风格 (lyric poetry style)
散文	sǎnwén	prose	n	散文写作 (prose writing), 散文风格 (prose style)
随笔	suíbǐ	essay, personal essay	n	随笔集 (essay collection), 文学随笔 (literary essay)
回忆录	huíyìlù	memoir	n	个人回忆录 (personal memoir), 出版回忆录 (publish a memoir)
传记	zhuànjì	biography	n	人物传记 (biographical work), 传记文学 (biographical literature)
选集	xuǎnjí	anthology	n	诗歌选集 (poetry anthology), 编辑选集 (compile an anthology)
手稿	shǒugǎo	manuscript	n	珍贵手稿 (precious manuscript), 手稿保存 (preserve a manuscript)
遗产	yíchǎn	heritage, legacy	n	文化遗产 (cultural heritage), 世界遗产 (world heritage)
杰作	jiézuò	masterpiece	n	艺术杰作 (artistic masterpiece), 文学杰作 (literary masterpiece)
经典	jīngdiǎn	canon, classic	n	文学经典 (literary canon), 经典作品 (classic work)
文艺复兴	wényì fùxīng	renaissance	n	意大利文艺复兴 (Italian Renaissance), 文艺复兴精神 (Renaissance spirit)
现代主义	xiàndài zhǔyì	modernism	n	文学现代主义 (literary modernism), 现代主义运动 (modernist movement)
先锋派	xiānfēngpài	avant-garde	n	先锋派艺术 (avant-garde art), 先锋派运动 (avant-garde movement)
叙述者	xùshùzhě	narrator	n	第一人称叙述者 (first-person narrator), 叙述者视角 (narrator's perspective)
意象	yìxiàng	imagery	n	诗歌意象 (poetic imagery), 意象丰富 (rich in imagery)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
威权主义的	wēiquán zhǔyì de	authoritarian	adj	威权主义的体制 (authoritarian regime), 威权主义的管治 (authoritarian governance)
多元的	duōyuán de	pluralistic	adj	多元的社会 (pluralistic society), 多元的文化 (pluralistic culture)
等级的	děngjí de	hierarchical	adj	等级的秩序 (hierarchical order), 等级的结构 (hierarchical structure)
平等主义的	píngděng zhǔyì de	egalitarian	adj	平等主义的理想 (egalitarian ideal), 平等主义的社会 (egalitarian society)
家长式的	jiāzhǎngshì de	paternalistic	adj	家长式的管理 (paternalistic management), 家长式的态度 (paternalistic attitude)
进步的	jìnbù de	progressive	adj	进步的思想 (progressive ideas), 进步的力量 (progressive forces)
保守的	bǎoshǒu de	conservative	adj	保守的立场 (conservative stance), 保守的价值观 (conservative values)
反动的	fǎndòng de	reactionary	adj	反动的势力 (reactionary forces), 反动的思潮 (reactionary current of thought)
意识形态的	yìshí xíngtài de	ideological	adj	意识形态的分歧 (ideological divergence), 意识形态的斗争 (ideological struggle)
霸权的	bàquán de	hegemonic	adj	霸权的逻辑 (hegemonic logic), 霸权的秩序 (hegemonic order)
解放性的	jiěfàngxìng de	emancipatory	adj	解放性的运动 (emancipatory movement), 解放性的潜力 (emancipatory potential)
剥削性的	bōxuēxìng de	exploitative	adj	剥削性的关系 (exploitative relationship), 剥削性的制度 (exploitative system)
异化的	yìhuà de	alienated	adj	异化的劳动 (alienated labor), 异化的个体 (alienated individual)
边缘化的	biānyuánhuà de	marginalized	adj	边缘化的群体 (marginalized group), 边缘化的声音 (marginalized voice)
包容的	bāoróng de	inclusive	adj	包容的社会 (inclusive society), 包容的态度 (inclusive attitude)
排他的	páitā de	exclusive	adj	排他的政策 (exclusive policy), 排他的利益集团 (exclusive interest group)
可持续的	kě chíxù de	sustainable	adj	可持续的发展 (sustainable development), 可持续的模式 (sustainable model)
有韧性的	yǒu rènxìng de	resilient	adj	有韧性的经济 (resilient economy), 有韧性的社区 (resilient community)
透明的	tòumíng de	transparent	adj	透明的政府 (transparent government), 透明的程序 (transparent procedure)
负责任的	fùzérèn de	accountable	adj	负责任的治理 (accountable governance), 负责任的企业 (accountable corporation)
精英治理的	jīngyīng zhìlǐ de	meritocratic	adj	精英治理的体系 (meritocratic system), 精英治理的原则 (meritocratic principle)
民主的	mínzhǔ de	democratic	adj	民主的选举 (democratic election), 民主的程序 (democratic procedure)
官僚的	guānliáo de	bureaucratic	adj	官僚的作风 (bureaucratic style), 官僚的障碍 (bureaucratic obstacle)
技术官僚的	jìshù guānliáo de	technocratic	adj	技术官僚的决策 (technocratic decision-making), 技术官僚的治理 (technocratic governance)

Classical and Literary Vocabulary II (古典文学词汇II)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
高瞻远瞩	gāo zhān yuǎn zhǔ	to be far-sighted, to have a broad vision	idiom	领导人高瞻远瞩 (the leader is far-sighted), 高瞻远瞩的战略 (a vision of far-sighted strategy)
博采众长	bó cǎi zhòng cháng	to draw on the strengths of many	idiom	博采众长为我用 (draw on diverse strengths for one's own use), 博采众长、融会贯通 (draw on many strengths and integrate them)
殚精竭虑	dān jīng jié lǜ	to spare no effort, to rack one's brains	idiom	殚精竭虑地工作 (work with all one's effort), 殚精竭虑为民服务 (spare no effort to serve the people)
励精图治	lì jīng tú zhì	to work diligently to govern well	idiom	历代君王励精图治 (rulers of every dynasty worked to govern well), 励精图治、振兴国家 (govern diligently and revitalize the nation)
任重道远	rèn zhòng dào yuǎn	the burden is heavy and the road is long	idiom	任重道远，不可懈怠 (the road is long; one must not slacken), 深感任重道远 (deeply feel the weight of the responsibility)
举足轻重	jǔ zú qīng zhòng	to carry great weight, to be of critical importance	idiom	举足轻重的角色 (a role of critical importance), 在全球举足轻重 (carry great weight globally)
相辅相成	xiāng fǔ xiāng chéng	to complement each other	idiom	理论与实践相辅相成 (theory and practice complement each other), 两者相辅相成 (the two complement each other)
与时俱进	yǔ shí jù jìn	to keep pace with the times, to advance with the times	idiom	与时俱进的理念 (a concept that keeps pace with the times), 思想要与时俱进 (one's thinking must advance with the times)
循序渐进	xún xù jiàn jìn	to proceed in an orderly manner, step by step	idiom	循序渐进地学习 (learn step by step), 循序渐进的改革 (step-by-step reform)
厚积薄发	hòu jī bó fā	to accumulate strength and then display it powerfully	idiom	厚积薄发是成功之道 (accumulating strength for a powerful display is the road to success), 多年厚积薄发 (years of accumulation leading to a powerful display)
精益求精	jīng yì qiú jīng	to strive for perfection, to constantly improve	idiom	精益求精的工匠精神 (craftsman spirit of constant improvement), 在工作中精益求精 (constantly strive for improvement at work)
海纳百川	hǎi nà bǎi chuān	to embrace all rivers, to be all-inclusive	idiom	海纳百川的胸怀 (a mind that embraces all), 海纳百川、有容乃大 (embrace all rivers; greatness lies in tolerance)
知行合一	zhī xíng hé yī	unity of knowledge and action	idiom	知行合一的理念 (the concept of unity of knowledge and action), 实践知行合一 (practice the unity of knowledge and action)
格物致知	gé wù zhì zhī	to investigate things and extend knowledge	idiom	格物致知的精神 (spirit of investigating things to gain knowledge), 格物致知、实事求是 (investigate things to gain knowledge; seek truth from facts)
继往开来	jì wǎng kāi lái	to inherit the past and open up the future	idiom	继往开来的历史使命 (the historical mission of inheriting the past and opening the future), 继往开来、开拓进取 (inherit the past and forge ahead)

Formal Adverbs and Discourse Particles II (正式副词语篇词II)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
固有	gùyǒu	inherent, intrinsic	adj/adv	固有属性 (inherent attribute), 固有的局限性 (intrinsic limitations)
所谓	suǒwèi	so-called	adv	所谓的改革 (the so-called reform), 所谓专家 (so-called experts)
不免	bùmiǎn	inevitably, cannot avoid	adv	不免令人担忧 (inevitably cause concern), 不免有所偏差 (inevitably some deviation)
难免	nánmiǎn	unavoidably, hard to avoid	adv	难免出现错误 (errors are unavoidable), 难免有所疏漏 (some omissions are hard to avoid)
难以	nányǐ	difficult to, hard to	adv	难以置信 (difficult to believe), 难以预料 (hard to predict)
足以	zúyǐ	sufficient to, enough to	adv	足以证明 (sufficient to prove), 足以说明问题 (enough to illustrate the issue)
足见	zújiàn	one can clearly see that, this shows	adv	足见其用心 (one can clearly see the effort), 足见问题严重性 (this shows how serious the problem is)
由此可见	yóucǐ kě jiàn	from this it can be seen, hence	conj	由此可见，问题根源在于... (from this it can be seen that the root of the problem lies in...), 由此可见一斑 (one can see from this a glimpse of the whole)
值此	zhí cǐ	on this occasion, at this moment	adv	值此佳节之际 (on the occasion of this festive holiday), 值此重要时刻 (at this important moment)
有别于	yǒu bié yú	different from, distinct from	prep	有别于传统方式 (different from the traditional approach), 有别于以往 (distinct from the past)
有鉴于此	yǒu jiàn yú cǐ	in view of this, given this	conj	有鉴于此，特提出以下建议 (in view of this, the following recommendations are proposed), 有鉴于此情况 (given this situation)
与此同时	yǔ cǐ tóngshí	at the same time, simultaneously	conj	与此同时，我们也应注意 (at the same time, we should also note), 与此同时推进改革 (simultaneously advance reform)
尤为	yóuwéi	especially, particularly	adv	尤为重要 (especially important), 尤为突出 (particularly prominent)
不乏	bùfá	not lacking in, there is no shortage of	adv	不乏佳作 (there is no shortage of fine works), 不乏有识之士 (not lacking in people of insight)
莫不	mòbù	none who does not, without exception	adv	莫不为之动容 (none who does not feel moved), 莫不叹服 (without exception all are full of admiration)
无不	wúbù	all without exception, invariably	adv	无不深受感动 (all without exception were deeply moved), 无不认可 (invariably acknowledged)

Verbs: Academic Writing and Research (学术写作动词)

Chinese	Pinyin	English	POS	Usage Note
阐明立场	chǎnmíng lìchǎng	to clarify one's position	v phr	在论文中阐明立场 (clarify one's position in the paper), 明确阐明立场 (clearly clarify one's stance)
提出论点	tíchū lùndiǎn	to put forward an argument	v phr	提出有力论点 (put forward a compelling argument), 系统提出论点 (systematically present arguments)
驳斥观点	bóchì guāndiǎn	to refute a viewpoint	v phr	有力驳斥观点 (powerfully refute a viewpoint), 逐一驳斥观点 (refute viewpoints one by one)
援引资料	yuányǐn zīliào	to cite sources, to quote materials	v phr	援引权威资料 (cite authoritative sources), 大量援引资料 (extensively cite materials)
综合分析	zōnghé fēnxī	to synthesize and analyze	v phr	综合分析各方观点 (synthesize and analyze various viewpoints), 综合分析研究结果 (synthesize analysis of research findings)
界定概念	jièdìng gàiniàn	to define a concept	v phr	严格界定概念 (strictly define a concept), 界定核心概念 (define the core concept)
厘清思路	lǐqīng sīlù	to clarify one's reasoning	v phr	厘清研究思路 (clarify the research approach), 厘清逻辑思路 (clarify the logical reasoning)
深化认识	shēnhuà rènshí	to deepen one's understanding	v phr	深化对问题的认识 (deepen understanding of the issue), 不断深化认识 (continuously deepen understanding)
发人深省	fā rén shēn xǐng	to give food for thought	idiom	发人深省的文章 (an article that gives food for thought), 令人发人深省 (makes one reflect deeply)
引人深思	yǐn rén shēn sī	to prompt deep reflection	idiom	引人深思的问题 (a question that prompts deep reflection), 文章引人深思 (the article prompts deep reflection)
发人警醒	fā rén jǐng xǐng	to serve as a wake-up call	idiom	发人警醒的案例 (a case that serves as a wake-up call), 这一教训发人警醒 (this lesson is a wake-up call)
一针见血	yī zhēn jiàn xuè	to hit the nail on the head, to be incisive	idiom	一针见血地指出问题 (incisively point out the problem), 分析一针见血 (an incisive analysis)
见微知著	jiàn wēi zhī zhù	to see the big picture from small details	idiom	见微知著的洞察力 (the insight to see the big picture from small details), 能够见微知著 (be able to discern the whole from small signs)
切中要害	qiē zhōng yàohài	to hit the nail on the head, to strike at the key point	idiom	切中要害的批评 (criticism that strikes at the key point), 分析切中要害 (analysis that hits the nail on the head)
画龙点睛	huà lóng diǎn jīng	to add the finishing touch	idiom	画龙点睛之笔 (a stroke that adds the finishing touch), 结尾画龙点睛 (a conclusion that adds the finishing touch)